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The commonly held definition of thermodynamic equilibrium says: On a level surface within a system, if all (strongly) favourable intermolecular forces are satisfied, and all (strongly) unfavourable intermolecular forces are satisfied, then the level surface is said to be in equilibrium. This definition appears in the vast majority of thermodynamic texts, including the early monographs by F.K. Gauss, P.G. Tait, and W. Thomson, as well as elements of the work of E. Mach, F. Stahl, and S. Carnot.
This simple definition is usually combined with the proviso: If that level surface is in contact with a heat bath, and there is an exchange of matter with the heat bath, then that level surface is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. This frequently seems to imply the further proviso that if the heat exchange is sufficiently slow, that level surface remains in thermodynamic equilibrium during the slow exchange (i.e., is sufficiently nearly reversible). While this proviso may be often assumed, it is rarely written out expressly. In any event, the presence of any heat exchange with the environment is normally presupposed in the definition of thermodynamic equilibrium.
On a level surface within the system within which the level surface is regarded as in equilibrium, a thermodynamic force is said to be zero.[34] If the system is in contact with a heat bath, then the thermodynamic force on the level surface due to the heat bath is zero. An effect of thermodynamic forces is that the level surface is constrained to continue in the same condition (i.e., it "remains in equilibrium") as a result of the summed effect of all the thermodynamic forces. The extreme situation is when the sum of all the thermodynamic forces is zero, so that no thermodynamic forces act on the level surface. A level surface may be in thermodynamic equilibrium within a system and not in contact with a heat bath, and be the level surface on which a thermodynamic force is zero within the system.[43] d2c66b5586