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Antifungal medicines can kill a fungus. Or they may stop it from multiplying or growing. There are several classes of antifungal medications and different types of medicines. Your healthcare provider will select the best prescription medicine. Or they may guide you to an effective over-the-counter (OTC) treatment. Options include:
Some fungi are naturally resistant to certain antifungals. Fungi may also develop resistance when you use antifungal medicine for a long time. Skipping doses, stopping treatment too soon or receiving a too-low dose can also lead to antifungal resistance.
Antifungal medications treat fungal infections that affect the skin, nails, lungs and other organs. Some fungal infections clear up in a few weeks. Others may need months of treatment. Taking antifungal medicines for an extended period or failing to complete the prescribed treatment may lead to antifungal resistance.
Lots of people first try to treat nail fungus with a colorless nail polish. Before applying the nail polish, the affected nail has to be cut and filed down as much as possible. The nail polishes contain the growth-inhibiting and antifungal ingredients amorolfine or ciclopirox. The products differ in how often they have to be used:
There are several types of antifungal medicines. They come as creams, sprays, solutions, tablets designed to go into the vagina (pessaries), shampoos, medicines to take by mouth, and injections. Most work by damaging the cell wall of the fungus, which causes the fungal cell to die.
Sometimes an antifungal cream is combined with other creams when two actions are required. For example, an antifungal cream is often combined with a mild steroid cream, such as hydrocortisone, to treat certain rashes. The antifungal cream clears the infection, and the mild steroid cream reduces the inflammation caused by the infection.
Pessaries are tablets which are designed to be put into the vagina. Some antifungal medicines are used as pessaries to treat vaginal thrush, particularly clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole, and fenticonazole
Note: antifungal medicines are different to antibiotics, which are antibacterial medicines. Antibiotics do not kill fungi - they kill other types of germs (called bacteria). In fact, you are more prone to getting a fungal infection if you take antibiotics. For example, many women develop thrush after taking a course of antibiotics. This is because the antibiotic may kill the normal harmless bacteria that live on your skin or vagina and make it easier for fungi to flourish.
Yes - there a number of antifungal creams you can buy at your pharmacy (for example, clotrimazole, and terbinafine). In addition, you can also buy oral fluconazole from your pharmacy, to treat vaginal thrush. Be aware though that if you use the wrong cream then it can make fungal skin infections worse. For example, steroids should not be used on athlete's foot: only terbinafine cream by itself. If you put steroid cream on athlete's foot it usually makes it worse.
Antifungal drugs are very diverse. They can be given orally, as a topical treatment, or via IV. How an antifungal drug is given depends on factors like the specific drug, the type of infection you have, and the severity of your infection.
Flucytosine is an antifungal that prevents the fungal cell from making nucleic acids and proteins. Because of this, the cell can no longer grow and thrive. Flucytosine can be used to treat systemic infections with Candida or Cryptococcus species.
SummaryCutaneous fungal infections are usually treated topically, but nail and hair infections, widespread dermatophytosis and chronic non-responsive yeast infections are best treated with oral antifungal drugs. The oral drugs currently available in Australia for the treatment of cutaneous fungal infections include griseofulvin, ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and terbinafine.
The usual approach to the management of cutaneous infections in immuno competent patients is to treat with topical agents. However, nail and hair infections, widespread dermatophytosis and chronic non-responsive yeast infections are best treated with oral antifungal drugs.
Dermatophytosis (tinea or ringworm) of the scalp, skin and nails Most dermatophytic skin infections in their early stages are responsive to topical therapy. Examples are interdigital tinea, tinea cruris and localised tinea on other parts of the body. However, once there is involvement of nails or hair, topical therapy is rarely adequate. The major indications for using oral antifungals are:
Chronic non-responsive yeast infections Most Candida infections of the skin or mucosa are due to impaired epithelial barrier functions and respond readily to topical antifungal therapy. Basically, healthy individuals do not get candidiasis; therefore, a key strategy in treatment is to correct the underlying predisposing conditions that allow Candida to colonise the skin or mucosa.
Most ringworm infections are mild and can be treated using a pharmacy antifungal cream. Scalp infections can be treated with antifungal tablets, sometimes combined with antifungal shampoo. If the skin is irritated or broken, it can lead to other bacterial infections, which may need treatment with antibiotics. Read more about how to treat fungal infections.
Your GP will usually be able to diagnose a scalp infection after examining your scalp. Knowing exactly which fungus is causing the infection is useful, because some antifungal medications are better at treating certain types. Your GP will take a small scraping of skin from your scalp to test in a laboratory. You may be given an antifungal medication before you receive your test results. If the tests show that a different antifungal medication would work better, you will be prescribed that instead.
Most fungal infections can be diagnosed by your GP after examining your skin and asking whether you have other related symptoms. Further tests will usually only be needed if your symptoms are severe or if they fail to respond to antifungal treatment. If this happens, your GP may take a small scraping of affected skin for analysis in a laboratory. Microscopic analysis will show if fungi are present and the specific type that is causing your infection. Read about how to treat ringworm and other fungal infections.
Antifungal shampoo cannot cure scalp infections, but it can help to prevent the infection spreading and may speed up recovery. Antifungal shampoos, such as selenium sulphide and ketoconazole shampoo, are available from your pharmacist. Ideally, antifungal shampoo should be used twice a week during the first two weeks of treatment. There is no evidence that shaving a child's head will reduce the risk of an infection or speed up recovery.
Fungal nail infections can be treated with antifungal nail paint, but it also often requires antifungal tablets. These tend to work better than nail paints, although they can cause side effects, such as headache, nausea and diarrhoea. Read more about treating fungal nail infections.
Antifungal pills also work more quickly than medicine applied to the nails. Taking antifungal pills for two months can cure an infection under the fingernails. Usually three months of treatment cures a toenail fungal infection.
Combination therapy: Sometimes, nail fungus is hard to clear. Studies show that taking antifungal pills and applying medicine to your nails can be more effective than using either treatment alone.
The recent rate of emergence of pathogenic fungi that are resistant to the limited number of commonly used antifungal agents is unprecedented. The azoles, for example, are used not only for human and animal health care and crop protection but also in antifouling coatings and timber preservation. The ubiquity and multiple uses of azoles have hastened the independent evolution of resistance in many environments. One consequence is an increasing risk in human health care from naturally occurring opportunistic fungal pathogens that have acquired resistance to this broad class of chemicals. To avoid a global collapse in our ability to control fungal infections and to avoid critical failures in medicine and food security, we must improve our stewardship of extant chemicals, promote new antifungal discovery, and leverage emerging technologies for alternative solutions.
NIAID-supported researchers are identifying the fungal pathways responsible for human infection and determining how the immune system responds to and clears Aspergillus infections. Drug resistance is an emerging concern for Aspergillus, and NIAID is supporting research to determine the cause of increasing resistance and to identify new antifungal therapeutics to treat aspergillosis. Aspergillosis can be difficult to diagnose; therefore, NIAID is supporting research to rapidly detect lung infections through breath-based diagnostics.
Histoplasmosis is caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungus is found in soil that contains large amounts of bird or bat droppings. Histoplasma can be found throughout the world, but in the United States, it is mainly found in the central and eastern states, particularly along the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. People develop infection after breathing in microscopic fungal spores, particularly during activities that disturb contaminated soil. In healthy people, the disease is usually self-limiting and is characterized by mild flu-like symptoms. In people with weakened immune systems, histoplasmosis can be severe and require long term antifungal treatment to resolve the disease.
Nonprescription options. You can buy antifungal creams, gels, and nail polish at the store and online without a prescription. You might want to try one of them first if the infection doesn't look bad. Some people also swear by home remedies like menthol rub, tea tree oil, mouthwash, or snakeroot extract -- but studies show mixed results. 781b155fdc